Perfect Implementation After Planning Of The Project

Perfect implementation after planning of the project. Scheduling and sequencing the project with assessment steps to decrease chances of failure. 1.4: Explain the key elements involved in terminating projects and conducting post project appraisal: Extinction- Deficit or deficiency of the financial means to continue can cause extinction. Factors rendering the project non profitable, unethical, or over bearing due to non calculated unforeseen circumstances. Inclusion- Employees that worked on the project, property used on the project, and equipment are often simply transferred from the dying project to the newly born division. The change from project to division demands a superior level of political and social emotional sensitivity for successful accomplishment. integration- This type of termination is the most common way of dealing with successful projects, and the most complex the material, equipment, property and personnel, and functions of the project are shared among the existing elements of the directors or parent company. 2.1: identify the most appropriate organizational structure, roles and responsibilities of participants within a project. When the project has been assessed and analysed, proving worth the investment and what resources are needed to carry out the projecthas been decided, the project manager now must work on the team. An organizational framework would now also be decided by the project manager. 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Othello, By William Shakespeare - 1994 Words

Shakespeare’s Othello, a play which begins with Othello, a moor and his wife Desdemona’s perpetual love, ends as a tragic as Desdemona is murdered by her husband and lover Othello. The other characters in the play such as Iago, Michael Cassio, Emilia, Roderigo and Bianca play an active role in this tragic end. However, more than the characters that play the active role in a tragic end, the inferiority of the women depict in the play ultimately results in such an ending. The only three women in the play are Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca and all three of the women portray the expectations of women in Shakespeare’s patriarchal Elizabethan society. They are in a men dominated society and are expected to follow and live under the male authority. It can thus be argued that in Othello Desdemona is marginalized and suppressed by the men in the play, as she is used for her sexuality and portrayed as a possession and thus she is depicted as the other. Desdemona is portrayed as the other in Othello, because Othello wants to stay true to his expected authoritative role. Shakespeare presents the women such as Desdemona as possessions through diction and his style of language, as his choice of word portrays the women to be read upon as possessions and property rather than humans. Othello in the play already holds on to an authoritative role as he is the general of the Venetian army, therefore staying true to his dominant and expected role is very important to him. Desdemona is portrayed asShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. 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Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking in Business

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking in Business. Answer: Introduction Various people engaging in business had first doubted the significance of involving social media in business, but the customer tastes and preferences together with the social media being the most available and easily accessible, forced business managers and entrepreneurs to dance to the tune of using them in business(Bruhn, Schoenmueller, Schafer, 2012). The social media platforms are numerous including Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, Linked-In among others. Various researchers did studies on the significance of using social media in business and came out with different results. According to (Jadoon, 2014), the advantages of using social media in businesses include; The social media platforms are ubiquitous. They can be assessed from any geographical region and at any time of the day or night. A business that uses the social media platforms to advertise their services and products have the advantage and opportunity to reach a wider market and a broader number of consumers at a very reduced cost(Bryman Bell, 2015). The business will not be limited to geographical regions only. Examples of global businesses that have been connected greatly with the social media platforms include; Coca-Cola company, Amazon bookshop and Starbucks coffee industry. The business of common interests can be able to organize meetings or seminars/forums to discuss a commonality that affects them all in their business strategy. An example of such forums is the one that was organized by Oil Manufacturing and Processing companies. According to (Houston, 2016), the oil companies had convened for a congress with one goal in mind; the extraction of oil in a very optimal and economical way. The Congress had brought various Exploration and Production (EP) artificial lift operators from different regions in the United States of America with the aim of brainstorming on methods of how to overcome the obstacles encountered during the process of picking the best artificial lift for pumping out oil. The social media platforms had been of significant effect in making known of the Congress and advertising it(Carolis, Litzky, Eddleston, 2009). Customers of common interest in a particular product or service can be able to compare and contrast the benefits they recei ve from a particular business organization(Chaffey, Ellis-Chadwick, Mayer, Johnston, 2009). This enables the business to get feedback on its market acceptance, find a way to adjust to challenges and improve on a particular product or service. Real-time information sharing Information shared on social media is send very fast, and can be replied to immediately. This has enhanced communication and intelligence sharing in businesses either within or out of business(Harris Rae, 2009). The results are prompt decision making and proper analysis of information and data. Information that could have otherwise taken days through traditional mailing system is quickly sent and instantly received by such services like emails. Businesses enjoy cheaper advertisement costs compared to the traditional advertisement methods. Previously expenses used in advertisement had to cater for transport, personnel, advertisement materials and payment to media houses. Social media has reduced all these costs as companies and businesses can comfortably advertise online using these social media platforms after only subscribing to a small internet connectivity fee(Jenkins, 2009). The revenues and profits realized have made so many businesses be able to diversify into other areas since expenses and losses are much reduced. Many businesses can be able to collect information and share it by using social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, thereby reaching many consumers and potential customers(Jones Jayawama, 2010). New products and services being introduced can be easily be made an instantaneous cycle of news and people can know what is new in the market by watching what is trending. Reduced middlemen Businesses can directly supply or sell their services and goods to customers without the intervention of middlemen who distort prices for their benefit. The amount of information also given from marketing using social media is much more sufficient compared to that which may be offered by middlemen. Business, therefore, can be able to get direct feedback, reviews, comments and criticism on the quality of product/service provided(Leonardi, Huysman, Steinfield, 2013). This gives them a platform for improved innovativeness, creativity, and proper analysis with prompt decision making. The profits and revenues got are also enhanced compared to businesses transacted with the involvement of middlemen. According to (Bank, 2014), businesses and companies embraced the use of social media platforms in their businesses due to the advantages they enjoy. He illustrates that the tourism businesses have been made easier and improved due to the help of social media. The examples of advantages of using the social media for business are that; Innovativeness ad competitiveness The tourism industry, for instance, has enhanced its competitiveness in the business by offering services like tour guiding on the destination where one would wish to travel to, the requirements that may be needed, the advantages of visiting a particular site and the expectations they would meet(Molina-Morales Martinez-Fernandez, 2010). Online reviews by customers over a particular tourism business also enable the comparison of the customer satisfaction experiences hence, a signpost to either more creativity/innovativeness or improvement of special services. According to (Nadaraja, 2010), social media has recorded positive impacts on businesses that incorporated its use in the mainstream running of the business. He mentions a few advantages including; The social media platform has enabled effective communication in businesses and interactions between employees and employers. Impromptu business meetings can be easily organized by social media platforms like WhatsApp, and the venue and time communicated on only one message from the organizing secretary and received instantaneously by everyone in the group account(Mostafa, 2013). Business meetings that involve larger organizations may also include the use of Skype and video teleconferencing for members from various regions. Stakeholders or branch managers, therefore, do not have to book tickets or travel long distances to attend such meetings. The relationships and performances between employees could also be enhanced, as those who are shy can be able to inquire or consult before doing a transaction without having to say it in person(Picazo-Vela, Gutierrez-Martinez, Luna-Reyes, 2012). The results could be enhanced performance that could have otherwise been performed dismally if consultation was not made. Customer loyalty for particular businesses has also been enabled in an excellent manner by the social media. Customers interactivity has been modified in form and content, allowing them to be part of business prosperity, through higher involvement in spreading its benefits, higher ratings of credibility and positive attitudes towards the business and its services. Target marketing Various social media platforms can be used for various marketing by businesses. For example, when a particularly experienced employee hunting is done, platforms like Linked-In are used to outsource qualified and trained professionals(Prell, Hubecek, Reed, 2009). When a new product is introduced, or changes and improvements have been made to the original ones, then platforms like Twitter and Facebook are considered for marketing. These platforms are therefore used in various capacities to target different audiences efficiently and effectively. Smart marketing has enabled businesses to advertise their offerings to reach customers with interest of what they are selling hence increased sales and promotion(Sashi, 2012). Social media platforms have improved the way customers are served by businesses through the creation of customer service sites. Customers who may have questions about a particular product can be able to ask and get the answers online despite the geographical region in which they are based(Shankar, Venkatesh, Hofacker, Naik, 2010). This has been effective, especially for businesses that have a global setting. An example of such a business is the Starbucks. It enables the customers to order coffee online, and get other forms of services through the customer service platforms. Others businesses that have greatly benefited from these customer care platforms also are the banks and financial institutions. According to Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM 2010), the benefits of using social media in businesses is dependent on the platform type was chosen, the type of businesses and the features that the specifically chosen site encompasses. The benefits of using the platforms, as it illustrates include; Enhanced discovery and innovativeness is facilitated by open communication. This is both inside the organization and between the organizations and customers. Business ideas, links, and questions can be shared online by employees and stakeholders such that creativity, innovativeness and entrepreneurial skills can be shared widely. An opportunity for creating business contacts is also enabled through these platforms. Implementation of marketing campaigns, expansion of market researches, and direct involvement with consumers is enhanced by these platforms. According to (SHRM 2010), the social media platforms in businesses enable efficient recruitment of qualified and experienced personnel and marketing with a target audience in mind. Social media disadvantages to businesses The social media platforms also have some disadvantages to businesses. Some of these include; According to (SHRM 2010), a social media platform gives an opportunity for hackers to access information and data that is very crucial to the organization. The information may be used by the unauthorized people to bring down a business. The social media platforms also put the organization at risk of exposure to their weakness, through postings of objectionable and illicit information which may be difficult to amend(Sledgianowski Kulviwat, 2009). This may be exposed by disgruntled customers who may not be satisfied with services or goods provided by a business organization. The reputation may take time to amend, and losses would be realized instead of profits. Many customers fall at risks of a scam by preys with identity theft of popular businesses hence destroying the reputation of the business and customer loyalty. Face to face socializations are endangered: Many employees and business partners prefer to meet and talk online rather than meet and talk in person(Waters, Burnett, Lamm, Lucas, 2009). People have little or no time for their real friends but chat hours on end with their online friends. Building and maintenance of relationships is also put at risk as it is easy to block or unfriend someone whom they feel they dont agree with. The social media platforms give an opportunity to bullying and performance of obscene crimes that may destroy the reputation of the business and destroy it competitive advantages. Identity theft can also be used to conduct crimes to customers of an organization. Many employees have recorded dismal performances as they waste a lot of their working hours chatting with friends and browsing rather than doing online related businesses(Borgatti, Everett, Johnson, 2013). The social media platforms hence waste time of employees leading to reduction in the general sales and output. Intellectual property and data control, according to Bank (2014), has also become challenging to many businesses as they have to be keen in ensuring their secrets are not revealed and their best employees not manipulated. Conclusion The use of ubiquitous media or the social media platforms in the advertisement, marketing, and communication in business has recorded various benefits and disadvantages as have been discussed in this paper. The choice of a business embracing the use of these social media platforms will depend on the type of business, the features it provides and its effectiveness in ensuring the business doesnt record losses. The social media should enable a business to maintain its competitive edge and reputation in the market. The choice will entirely rely on management decision. References Baltar, F. and Brunet, I., 2012. Social research 2.0: virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook.Internet Research,22(1), pp.57-74. Bank, C. M. (2014). The Impact of social media: advantages or disadvantages? Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. and Johnson, J.C., 2013.Analyzing social networks. SAGE Publications Limited. Bruhn, M., Schoenmueller, V. and Schfer, D.B., 2012. Are social media replacing traditional media in terms of brand equity creation?.Management Research Review,35(9), pp.770-790. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. De Carolis, D.M., Litzky, B.E. and Eddleston, K.A., 2009. Why networks enhance the progress of new venture creation: The influence of social capital and cognition.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,33(2), pp.527-545. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Mayer, R. and Johnston, K., 2009.Internet marketing: strategy, implementation and practice. Pearson Education. Harris, L. and Rae, A., 2009. Social networks: the future of marketing for small business.Journal of business strategy,30(5), pp.24-31. Houston. (2016). Assessing Selection Criteria for Artificial Lift Systems; In Horizontal Wells: Fully Optimizing Rod Pump, Gas Lift, Plunger Lift Artificial Lift Techniques. North American congress. Jadoon, N. R. (2014). Advantages and disadvantages of social networking. Jenkins, H., 2009. A business opportunitymodel of corporate social responsibility for small?and medium?sized enterprises.Business ethics: A European review,18(1), pp.21-36. Jones, O. and Jayawarna, D., 2010. Resourcing new businesses: social networks, bootstrapping and firm performance.Venture Capital,12(2), pp.127-152. Leonardi, P.M., Huysman, M. and Steinfield, C., 2013. Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), pp.1-19. Management, S. f. (2010). What are the advantages and Disadvantages of social networking sites? What should we include in a policy? Molina?Morales, F.X. and Martnez?Fernndez, M.T., 2010. Social networks: effects of social capital on firm innovation.Journal of Small Business Management,48(2), pp.258-279. Mostafa, M.M., 2013. More than words: Social networks text mining for consumer brand sentiments.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.4241-4251. Nadaraja, R. (2010). Social Media Marketing: Advantages and Disadvantages. Picazo-Vela, S., Gutirrez-Martnez, I. and Luna-Reyes, L.F., 2012. Understanding risks, benefits, and strategic alternatives of social media applications in the public sector.Government information quarterly,29(4), pp.504-511. Prell, C., Hubacek, K. and Reed, M., 2009. Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management.Society and Natural Resources,22(6), pp.501-518. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272. Shankar, V., Venkatesh, A., Hofacker, C. and Naik, P., 2010. Mobile marketing in the retailing environment: current insights and future research avenues.Journal of interactive marketing,24(2), pp.111-120. Sledgianowski, D. and Kulviwat, S., 2009. Using social network sites: The effects of playfulness, critical mass and trust in a hedonic context.Journal of Computer Information Systems,49(4), pp.74-83. Waters, R.D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A. and Lucas, J., 2009. Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook.Public relations review,35(2), pp.102-106. Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking in Business Question: Write about theAdvantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking in Business for MySpace. Answer: Introduction: Social Networking in Business In the last few years social networking through the social media has become ubiquitous and an important tool in the everyday life of the people in all walks of their lives. The SNSs or the Social Networking Sites like the Face book, MySpace, and YouTube have millions of people accessing them every day for a variety of interests, reasons, and practices. The impact of Social Networking is becoming increasingly pervasive and can be felt in all the spheres of the modern life from educational, social, economic, business, and marketing (Ricciardi, 2014). The social networking sites with their wide reach and impact are becoming an important channel for most of the business organisations today. The purpose of this study is to present the impact of social networking on the business organisations today and how the business today is using the social networking channel as a strategic tool for expanding the reach of their business. Project Objective The objective of this project is to study the advantages that the social networking is providing to the business organisations today and how is it helping businesses to spread their reach more effectively than the traditional marketing and promotion methods. Project Scope This study will also examine the various disadvantages that occur with the use of social networking for business. This paper will examine the different challenges and problems presented by using social networking as a strategic tool for marketing and advertising of a business organisation Literature Review Social media networking has been in existence for a period less than two decades but has gained widespread prominence in all segments of society. Social networking sites like LinkedIn, Face book, MySpace, Twitter, Instagram, and much more have gained a following of more than one billion users in just about a decade of their existence and the users continue to grow in numbers every day (Social Media: What are the advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites, 2016). The commercial value and potential of the social networking became apparent to business leaders and soon the social networking became an integral part of the marketing and advertising department of business organisations. While individuals use the social networking to build personal relationships and personal interaction, the business organisations consider them as platforms on which they can interact and communicate with the existing and potential customers directly (Nadaraja, Yazdanifard, 2013). This presents a paradigm shift from the earlier used traditional methods of customer interaction as the companies can connect to millions of customers at the same time with just the click of a button. The prospective and the existing customers also make use of this platform to gain more information about the company and their business practices in much faster way. Any marketing strategy using the social networking sites has a reach that cuts across borders and reaches a much wider horizon and can be accessed by anyone who has an internet connection anywhere in the world. Social networking in business has many advantages but at the same time like any other business strategy, it has some prominent drawbacks or disadvantages which can have strong impacts on the business (Abrons, n.d.). Advantages Brand Awareness and Exposure: Social networking improves brand exposure and increases awareness of the brand. This is especially beneficial for new brands which can increase their visibility and create awareness about their products and services through the social networking platforms. The social networking sites have provided a new launch platform to the new and existing businesses where the companies can present their services and products to the consumers in a more interactive manner (Colliander, Dahln, 2011). This is the first step in building a relationship with the consumers and on the social networking sites, the consumers can get to read about the different services and products being offered by a brand in detail and can also read the reviews from the other users about the quality of the services and products of a particular brand (Hensel, Deis, 2010). Target Market: Social networking sites have made niche targeting of the consumers much easier than the traditional methods as the companies are able to target audience based on the personal interests, preferences, and needs of the consumers. Social networking offers the option of smart marketing in which the online traffic of consumers who are interested in services and products of a company can be directed to the companys websites through the social networking sites (Assaad, Gomez, 2011). Competitor Monitoring and Market Insights: With the advent of the internet, social media, and social networking, the competitor monitoring and market research have been completely transformed. Competitive benchmarking has become an important tool in the business and marketing strategy of all the organisations today. Since most of the competitors are operating in the same marketplace and are targeting the same audience, it becomes imperative to examine the competitors strategy and the consumers reactions to the competitors strategy (Smits, Mogos, 2013). All this becomes easy with social networking as most of the companies are active online and this presents a unique opportunity to a business organisation to read in detail about the services and products, the goals, strategies, and execution methodologies of the rival companies. The social networking is a valuable tool when it comes to assessing the current trends in the market and market research in the areas related to competition monitoring and target market segments (Edosomwan, Prakasan, Kouame, Watson, Seymour, 2011). Lead Generation: A large number of marketing professionals admit that social networking strategy in a business helps in increasing the lead generation for a business. The advantage over traditional methods is that by spending a much lesser amount of time, the marketers can generate much more leads through social network marketing strategies. Blogs, social interaction sites like Face book, can help to create a connection with the potential customers. Companies can share useful content and information on their social media pages and even answer queries about the company, its products, and services. This creates a brand value for the company and can turn the visitors to the company webpage or website into a potential lead (Parveen, 2012). Cost Effective: Social networking as a marketing and advertising tool has proved to be one of the most cost effective means of business promotion. The financial barriers to using social networking sites and social media as marketing implements are very low as compared to the traditional means. While an advertising and marketing campaign by using the traditional methods can cost a business millions of dollars, many of the social networking tools being used by the businesses are free. The viral nature of the social networking also means that the consumers who read the information about the services and products of a company have the ability to spread it within their individual networks, in a cost effective manner and in a short period of time (Michaelidou, Siamagka, Christodoulides, 2011). Customer Service and Public Relations: Customer Service and public relations are the other critical areas when it comes to using social networking for business. The customer service department can get to interact with the consumers and the potential consumers on almost a daily basis and can learn about the drawbacks, complaints, and grievances about their products and services and provide effective and faster solutions to the consumers. Similarly, social networking is a very effective tool for HR departments in supporting the companys recruitment system. Through the social networking sites like Linkedln a company can build a professional network creating a talent pool and keep track of the performance of prospective employees (Hanafizadeh, Ravasan, Nabavi, Mehrabioun, 2012). Disadvantages Although social networking has offered a lot of new opportunities for business organisations, it has certain risks and drawbacks that the marketing managers must keep in mind while devising their business and marketing strategies. Time Intensive: Social media and networking are interactive platforms where two-way communication is important for success. While planning a marketing strategy on the social networking platforms, the focus of the strategy is more developing long term relationships which can be converted into sales figures. Therefore, dedicated personnel will have to be devoted to the task of monitoring the social networks, answering the queries and questions, and post the relevant product and service related information on the network. An organisation which does not have dedicated professionals monitoring the social networking will not be able to compete with others. Therefore, social media networking needs lots of time investment and simply posting on a few social media sites will not get fruitful results for the business (Oyza, Edwin, 2015). Copyrights and Trademarks: It becomes an important exercise for the companies to protect their copyrights and trademarks when they start operating on the social networking platforms. The brand name of the company and the other intellectual property is just as valuable as the other services and products of the company (Paquette, 2013). While the impromptu communication and faster publicity may help the company in disseminating useful information and copyrighted material to its target audience, the same facilities can be abused by miscreants to abuse a firms copyrights and trademarks. The companies have to regularly monitor their social networking platforms and also the social media being used by third-parties to ensure that their intellectual property is not being misused in any manner. This kind of impersonation can harm the companys brand name and reputation if it is left unchecked or undetected (Aral, Dellarocas, Godes, 2013). Privacy, Trust, and Security: Many of the consumers feel that social media marketing is intrusive and invades their privacy. The users are also concerned about their personal information being misused and fiascos related to the privacy concerns have led to major criticisms of the public relations departments of many companies resulting into an erosion of confidence in the company and a negative brand image. Trust in a brand name and the company are very important in generating business on the social networking sites as there is no personal interaction with another person while generating business and sharing information. Therefore, companies while using the social networking sites should develop stringent policies safeguarding the interests and privacy of the consumers. Lack of Control on Feedback: The social networking sites can convert the potential customers into viral advertisers and marketers for a company and this creates a pressure of positive and negative feedback for the company. Depending on the way a company projects itself online and the quality of services and products it offers to the customers, both positive and negative feedback can be generated for the company based on the individual experiences of the consumers (Scott, 2015). The value of the consumer product-reviews, tags, and images have increased manifold for the potential customers seeking feedback about the services and products of a company. In many cases negative posts, disparaging comments and pictures can damage the brand name of a company and because of the viral nature of the social media, the companies at times cannot control the damaging effects of such negative publicity (Hajli, 2014). Conclusion In the present world dominated by social networking the consumers have assumed a new role of content creators and are more proactive and functional customers than they were in the past. While the social networking offers a plethora of opportunities to the new and existing businesses, it also has some major drawbacks and risks associated with it. A company that wants to utilise the social networking to expand its business should undertake a research on the effective social media practices and should gain knowledge about the strategies of using the social networking and social media as an efficacious tool in their business strategy (The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media Marketing, n.d.). References: Abrons, R. (n.d.). The Disadvantages of Using Social Networks as Marketing Tools. Retrieved from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-using-social-networks-marketing-tools-20861.html Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Retrieved from: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.1120.0470 Assaad, W., Gomez, J. M. (2011). Social network in marketing (social media marketing) opportunities and risks.International Journal of Managing Public Sector Information and Communication Technologies,2(1), 13. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9149/4988f7eeef2f56ecb0dd0a69f98629cbbf25.pdf Colliander, J., Dahln, M. (2011). Following the fashionable friend: The power of social media.Journal of advertising research,51(1), 313-320. Retrieved from: https://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com/content/51/1/313 Edosomwan, S., Prakasan, S. K., Kouame, D., Watson, J., Seymour, T. (2011). The history of social media and its impact on business.Journal of Applied Management and entrepreneurship,16(3), 79. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/f828806820e0b99fcbda9c765788e137/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=25565 Hajli, M. N. (2014). A study of the impact of social media on consumers.International Journal of Market Research,56(3), 387-404. Retrieved from: https://www.lyfemarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Compressed-PDF.pdf Hanafizadeh, P., Ravasan, A. Z., Nabavi, A., Mehrabioun, M. (2012). A literature review on the business impacts of social network sites.International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking (IJVCSN),4(1), 46-60. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236152792_A_Literature_Review_on_the_Business_Impacts_of_Social_Network_Sites Hensel, K., Deis, M. H. (2010). Using social media to increase advertising and improve marketing.The Entrepreneurial Executive,15, 87. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/accaef45f13be4cd198946fc6c36502d/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=28211 Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., Christodoulides, G. (2011). Usage, barriers and measurement of social media marketing: An exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands.Industrial marketing management,40(7), 1153-1159. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019850111001374 Nadaraja, R., Yazdanifard, R. (2013). Social media marketing: advantages and disadvantages.Center of Southern New Hempshire University. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c070/c908671a70dfb44a245be96ec4f54a47e98f.pdf Oyza, I., Edwin, A. M. (2015). Effectiveness of Social Media Networks as a Strategic Tool for Organizational Marketing Management.The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce. Retrieved from: https://www.icommercecentral.com/open-access/effectiveness-of-social-media-networks-as-a-strategic-tool-for-organizational-marketing-management.php?aid=66382 Parveen, F. (2012, July). Impact Of Social Media Usage On Organizations. InPACIS(p. 192). Retrieved from: https://www.pacis-net.org/file/2012/PACIS2012-128.pdf Paquette, H. (2013). Social media as a marketing tool: A literature review. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001context=tmd_major_papers Ricciardi, F. (2014). Business Networking: Possible Positive and Negative Impacts on Innovation and Excellence. InInnovation Processes in Business Networks(pp. 5-15). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-03439-9_2 Scott, D. M. (2015).The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=gi5ECgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR19dq=EFFECTIVENESS+OF+THE+USE+OF+SOCIAL+MEDIA+marketing+and+advertising+in+business+and+tradeots=DjUQMD6d1gsig=JGbpwoGU3hZhxLHUO0KEuVdmYiA#v=onepageqf=false Smits, M., Mogos, S. (2013). The Impact Of Social Media On Business Performance. InECIS(p. 125). Retrieved from: https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1348context=ecis2013_cr Social Media: What are the advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites? (2016, June 01). Retrieved from: https://www.shrm.org/ResourcesAndTools/tools-and-samples/hr-qa/Pages/socialnetworkingsitespolicy.aspx The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media Marketing. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.webpagefx.com/internet-marketing/social-media-marketing-advantages-and-disadvantages.html

Teaching Methods Visual and Performing Arts Essay Example

Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts Essay Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts Research Report Arts traditionally played an important role in the life of the human society. Naturally, it could not fail to affect education. As a result, nowadays the necessity to implement arts in the process of education is getting to be evident. In such a situation, it is necessary to apply a variety of teaching methods which basic elements and principles of arts are integrated into. Regarding this paper the possible implementation of art, its principles and elements in the educating of the 3rd-grade students will be discussed. In this respect, it is possible to recommend such methods as: Art projects as well as it is possible to involve students in the art by regularly showing them some outstanding pieces of art. The latter may be quite efficient since when students regularly see works of outstanding artists of different genres, they not simply perceive and absorb elements of art that may be found in a portrait for instance, but they learn to understand it. On the other hand, it is also possible to implement art in the classroom. For instance, it is possible to ask students to write a kind of reaction paper on the paintings they’ve just watched or compare some of them. Or else, they may also attempt to project what the paintings and basic elements of art on a literary work. For instance, it is possible to find common art elements for a painting and a literary work, such as value. At the same time, paintings produce a certain impression due to color, line, shape, form, texture, space which form the general picture within students’ mind and help them properly understand and perceive a piece of art. At the same time, in order to increase visualization and affect practically all senses it is possible to recommend to develop art projects which initially could simply be drawings reflecting the events or the main characters of the story discussed, for instance, or else it is possible to ask students to find parallels between the material they learn in the classroom and some painting. Such a comparison can help students better understand basic principles of art, such as balance, contrast, proportion, unity, etc., which are also extremely important and may be applied not only in art but in traditional subjects such as math or physics, where the notions of balance, proportion, or unity are also very important. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, it is necessary to emphasize that the implementation of the two methods and integration of art in the teaching process would stimulate the development and positive perception of the basic principles of arts by students. On the other hand, along with positive emotions of students, the implementation of the two methods would stimulate students’ creative thinking that is obviously positive from both artistic and teaching points of view. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that integrating art in learning process stimulates creative thinking. In fact, creative thinking is an essential condition for creation even a drawing, and certainly for evaluation of a painting and its comparison for a literary work, for instance. Anyway, art, being implemented in teaching using the methods mentioned above, unquestionably contribute to the development of students’ aesthetic views. In other words, it accommodates students to the world of beautiful, perfect and highly cult ural substances. Moreover, the implementation of the methods suggested above can be easily projected on different subjects and students could enjoy them in a different situation. For instance, both role play and drawing can be equally successfully used in literature and history lesson, for example, when characters from a literary story can be substituted by real historical figures in role play, or may also be presented in visual form using drawing. The same may be said about any other subject since the methods are to a certain extent universal, and visualization is essential in any subject. Finally, it is necessary to underline that the two methods suggested in this paper may be easily applied in the classroom for the third-grade students since it corresponds to their level of cognitive, psychological, and socio-cultural development. In fact, it is quite interesting for the students at this stage not only to learn the material of a subject but also reveal the new world of art, which had great masterpieces and long history. At the same time, they also learn basic art elements and principles which may be applied in different subjects. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that it is extremely important to implement art in the learning process. This implies the development of teaching methods that could contribute to the integration of art in students’ learning. In such a situation visual and performing art, such as theatrical role play and drawing seem to be quite efficient, especially at early stages of students development. In this respect, it is of paramount importance to start the implementation of these methods, as well as other similar methods, at possibly younger age so that the students could get used to such a combination of learning and art. As a result, the basic elements and principles of art would be naturally perceived by students and the learning process would be much easier than if there were no link to arts. Teaching Methods Visual and Performing Arts Essay Example Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts Essay Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts Research Report Arts traditionally played an important role in the life of the human society. Naturally, it could not fail to affect education. As a result, nowadays the necessity to implement arts in the process of education is getting to be evident. In such a situation, it is necessary to apply a variety of teaching methods which basic elements and principles of arts are integrated into. Regarding this paper the possible implementation of art, its principles and elements in the educating of the 3rd-grade students will be discussed. In this respect, it is possible to recommend such methods as: Art projects as well as it is possible to involve students in the art by regularly showing them some outstanding pieces of art. The latter may be quite efficient since when students regularly see works of outstanding artists of different genres, they not simply perceive and absorb elements of art that may be found in a portrait for instance, but they learn to understand it. On the other hand, it is also possible to implement art in the classroom. For instance, it is possible to ask students to write a kind of reaction paper on the paintings they’ve just watched or compare some of them. Or else, they may also attempt to project what the paintings and basic elements of art on a literary work. For instance, it is possible to find common art elements for a painting and a literary work, such as value. At the same time, paintings produce a certain impression due to color, line, shape, form, texture, space which form the general picture within students’ mind and help them properly understand and perceive a piece of art. At the same time, in order to increase visualization and affect practically all senses it is possible to recommend to develop art projects which initially could simply be drawings reflecting the events or the main characters of the story discussed, for instance, or else it is possible to ask students to find parallels between the material they learn in the classroom and some painting. Such a comparison can help students better understand basic principles of art, such as balance, contrast, proportion, unity, etc., which are also extremely important and may be applied not only in art but in traditional subjects such as math or physics, where the notions of balance, proportion, or unity are also very important. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Methods: Visual and Performing Arts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, it is necessary to emphasize that the implementation of the two methods and integration of art in the teaching process would stimulate the development and positive perception of the basic principles of arts by students. On the other hand, along with positive emotions of students, the implementation of the two methods would stimulate students’ creative thinking that is obviously positive from both artistic and teaching points of view. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that integrating art in learning process stimulates creative thinking. In fact, creative thinking is an essential condition for creation even a drawing, and certainly for evaluation of a painting and its comparison for a literary work, for instance. Anyway, art, being implemented in teaching using the methods mentioned above, unquestionably contribute to the development of students’ aesthetic views. In other words, it accommodates students to the world of beautiful, perfect and highly cult ural substances. Moreover, the implementation of the methods suggested above can be easily projected on different subjects and students could enjoy them in a different situation. For instance, both role play and drawing can be equally successfully used in literature and history lesson, for example, when characters from a literary story can be substituted by real historical figures in role play, or may also be presented in visual form using drawing. The same may be said about any other subject since the methods are to a certain extent universal, and visualization is essential in any subject. Finally, it is necessary to underline that the two methods suggested in this paper may be easily applied in the classroom for the third-grade students since it corresponds to their level of cognitive, psychological, and socio-cultural development. In fact, it is quite interesting for the students at this stage not only to learn the material of a subject but also reveal the new world of art, which had great masterpieces and long history. At the same time, they also learn basic art elements and principles which may be applied in different subjects. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that it is extremely important to implement art in the learning process. This implies the development of teaching methods that could contribute to the integration of art in students’ learning. In such a situation visual and performing art, such as theatrical role play and drawing seem to be quite efficient, especially at early stages of students development. In this respect, it is of paramount importance to start the implementation of these methods, as well as other similar methods, at possibly younger age so that the students could get used to such a combination of learning and art. As a result, the basic elements and principles of art would be naturally perceived by students and the learning process would be much easier than if there were no link to arts.

Character, I essays

Character, I essays When writing a fiction story, the main goal for an author is to base a good plot along with one or a few good characters. Because the author is acting as a creator when writing fiction, these characters can be anything in the world they would like them to be. They can be simple and straightforward or complex and intricate. The most important choice an author must make when trying to place characters in a story is how to illustrate each character in its most effective way. There are two ways an author can approach presenting a character, indirectly or directly. They can elaborate this presentation by making the characters flat, round, dramatized or more. Whichever way they chose to depict these characters, they must be sure that by the end of the story, the character is not necessarily complete, but is consistent with their decision-making and behavior. In Im a Fool, Sherwood Anderson uses indirect presentation to show us, instead of tell us, who Walter, the protagonist of the story, is. We can tell she uses indirect presentation because there are very few points in the story that tells us how Walter feels, or who Walter is, we must figure it out ourselves. Im a Fool, is written as though Walter was writing directly to us. He is telling us of a time in his life where he did something he now regrets. You immediately get a sense of humor from Walter in the opening paragraph, When I think of it, I want to cry or swear or kick myself. Perhaps, there will be a kind of satisfaction in making myself look cheap by telling of it. His story starts out very broad giving us small details throughout, which slowly build up Walter as well as building up the plot. As the story goes on we learn more and more about Walter. We learn that he does not like people who flaunt their wealth. He actually is very against putting on that kind of airs. This is most likely because he is not wea...

Step by Step Guide to Tracing Your Family Tree

Step by Step Guide to Tracing Your Family Tree You have a little knowledge about your family history, a few old photos and documents and a consuming curiosity. Here are some basic steps to start you on your family tree adventure! Step One: Whats Hiding in the Attic? Begin your family tree by gathering together everything you have - papers, photos, documents and family heirlooms. Rummage through your attic or basement, the filing cabinet, the back of the closet... Then check with your relatives to see if they have any family documents they are willing to share. Clues to your family history might be found on the backs of old photographs, in the family bible, or even on a postcard. If your relative is uneasy with lending an original, offer to have copies made, or take pictures or scans of the photos or documents.   Step Two: Ask Your Relatives While youre collecting family records, set aside some time to interview your relatives. Start with Mom and Dad and then move on from there. Try to collect stories, not just names and dates, and be sure to ask open-ended questions. Try these questions to get you started. Interviews may make you nervous, but this is probably the most important step in researching your family history. It may sound cliche, but dont put it off until its too late! Tip! Ask your family members if there is a genealogy book or other published records within the family. This could give you a wonderful head start!   Step Three: Start Writing Everything Down Write down everything you have learned from your family and begin to enter the information in a pedigree or family tree chart. If youre unfamiliar with these traditional family tree forms, you can find step by step instructions in filling out genealogical forms. These charts provide an at-a-glance overview of your family, making it easy to track your research progress.   Step Four: Who Do You Want to Learn About First? You cant research your entire family tree at once, so where do you want to begin? Your moms side or your dads? Select a single surname, individual, or family with which to begin and create a simple research plan. Focusing your family history search helps keep your research on track, and reduces the chance of missing important details due to sensory overload.  Ã‚   Step Five: Explore Whats Available Online Explore the Internet for information and leads on your ancestors. Good places to start include pedigree databases, message boards, and resources specific to your ancestors location. If youre new to using the Internet for genealogy research, start with Six Strategies for Finding Your Roots Online. Not sure where to start first? Then follow the research plan in 10 steps for finding your family tree online. Just dont expect to find your entire family tree in one place!   Step Six: Familiarize Yourself with Available Records Learn about the wide variety of record types that may be able to help you in your search for your ancestors including  wills;  birth,  marriage,  and  death records;  land deeds;  immigration records; military records; etc. The Family History Library Catalog, the FamilySearch Wiki, and other online finding aids can be helpful in determining what records might be available for a particular locality.   Step Seven: Utilize the Worlds Largest Genealogy Library Visit your local Family History Center  or the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, where you can access the worlds largest collection of genealogical information. If you cant get to one in person, the library has digitized millions of its records and made them available online for free through its free FamilySearch website.   Step Eight: Organize and Document Your New Information As you learn new information about your relatives, write it down! Take notes, make photocopies, and take photographs, and then create a system (either paper or digital) for saving and documenting everything you find. Keep a research log of what youve searched and what you have found (or not found) as you go. Step Nine: Go Local! You can conduct a great deal of research remotely, but at some point, you will want to visit the place where your ancestors lived. Take a trip to the cemetery where your ancestor is buried, the church he attended, and the local courthouse to explore records left behind during his time in the community. Consider a visit to the state archives as well, as they are likely to also hold historical records from the community. Step Ten: Repeat as Necessary When you have researched that particular ancestor as far as you can go, or find yourself getting frustrated, step back and take a break. Remember, this is supposed to be fun! Once youre ready for more adventure, go back to Step #4 and choose a new ancestor to start searching for!

International and Comparative Human Resources Management Essay

International and Comparative Human Resources Management - Essay Example Choy (2007) suggests that the increasing role of multinational HR managers as trainers, counsellors, guides, and succession organizers is increasingly becoming irreversible. The role of HR managers is also sidling towards promoting and championing the ideals, ethics, concepts, and spiritual elements of their multinational organizations, especially with regard to handling cultural diversity at the workplace (Choy, 2007). HR managers for multinational companies grapple with numerous challenges in their line of duty, problems brought about by globalization (Mongiello, and Harris, 2006). These include; workplace diversity, low employee morale and productivity; and complicated planning options in certain markets. However, with an open and strategic approach to management, the managers can show effective leadership for their organization and manage the resources well (Choy, 2007). Globalization Globalization has tailored the significance of HR management in multinationals to reflect the to wering global scope and value (Escobar and Vredenburg 2011). Today’s HR managers have to deal with the transfer of workforces and responsibilities across countries. Additionally, globalization has enhanced the need for human resources to interact with sophisticated technologies in order to accomplish various HR tasks: these include; ensuring more competition among skilled employees at all organizational levels; more convoluted and strategic talent sourcing and nurturing pipelines (Jain, and Singh, 2013). In particular Darrag, Ahmed, and Hadia (2010) have noted the presence of a highly rigorous advertising, communication among various corporate fields and... This essay stresses that an effective HR manager of a multinational should apply controls and measure the outcomes of each employee’s productivity. Such a manager ought to carry out organizational appraisals on issues like remuneration, benefits, and condition of the workplace environment among other issues on a regular basis to evaluate the status of the organization for long-term planning initiatives. Additionally, there is need to implement performance matrix for gauging the effects of cultural diversity programs on the business operations through feedbacks. This report makes a conclusion that the mandate of a HR manager should be tailored to suit the changing requirements of the organization in relation to the dynamic global market. An effective HR manager transforms his organization into a more adaptable, strong, and consumer-oriented business. Within such an environment, the leader must learn and deploy effective management strategies such as being able to plan, organize, lead and manage the human assets in an evolving and competitive market environment. To manage the challenges that couple the enforcement of various HR initiatives in multinational corporations, organizations should promote cross-cultural communication among the diverse workforce to achieve teamwork. It is important to also embrace technology as a way of improving better interaction with customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders.

Open Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open Office - Essay Example This project eliminates the helping wizards like in Microsoft office and introduces with a new feature that may be somewhat helps in the styles of the document. The best feature of this Open Office is that it maintains the database in form of bibliography, which later helps in referencing or finding some extra resources for notes. Being a writer Mike Magee emphasizes about the feature comparable to Microsoft Word in Open Office in his article. He after his reviews on different word processors like the Byzantine Wordstar, Lotus Manuscript, Xywrite, Gem First Word Plus and many more including different innumerable Microsoft word processors he prefer Open Office Word Processor. He encloses that Open Office Word Processor by default gives many feature for the document that may be changed and saved as a template document, later all other documents may customize with respect to all favorite style document user saved. The software may read all the Microsoft extensions i.e., .rtf, .txt, etc and may produce HTML files as well. He as a writer likes Open Office as it allows him to switch all the auto options, like auto spell-check, auto sense, auto sniff, auto quotes etc, easily. Moreover, he switches off the option that change his word Icons in OO icons. Open Office is an open source software and are available free on Internet. There are two kind of software, one is open source software and the other is proprietary software. The open source software is found free or for very low cost on Internet or on Compact Disks with their source code for the use. However, proprietary software is same but their code is only with developers or sometimes with the good hackers. Microsoft Explorer is the best example for preprimary software. This software is designed for some particular issues, as developers are not the users and though it lacks with the features and sometimes don't allow enhancing. Contrary to this, open source software holds the source code and can be modified by the user according to its own requirements. Briefing a little more about the proprietary software, that to eliminate bugs and have new functionalities user has to wait for the new version and developers work for this on extra money, despite open source totally oppose it an d though use more cause its bug fixations are continuous and features release are regular to the user to use. Moreover, developers work for open source by volunteering themselves for free to specialize and earn name where as all proprietary software are part of business trade-offs. And though it may conclude that due to open source in hand, user is more flexible with open source rather than proprietary software. Open Source Software is famous and efficient cause their source code is in the hand of user and can modify to respective requirements. Source Code actually is a set of instructions or programs compiled together to run software. Or in other words, source code is the set of statements that is readable to human but not computers and to make computer understand that language it is compiled and changed into machine language. This set of statements seems to be nothing else than a document of text but values whole software. A little change in a text of doc may not allow software to run perfectly and though these source codes of different software are kept out of reach from the users who don't have any idea about computer languages. There are

Skin cancer Essay Example for Free

Skin cancer Essay How many of you have every laid out in the sun on purpose just to get a tan?   Or better yet how many of you believe you look prettier or more handsome tan?   According to the American Cancer Society more than 1 million people are diagnosed with skin cancer each year and the numbers seem to be increasing day to day. And believe it or not skin cancer is the most common of all cancers.   Today I am going to inform you about skin cancer and how you can protect yourself from it. To begin, our skin is the largest organ of the body and it covers our internal organs and protects them from injury.   The skin also serves as a barrier between germs and our internal organs.   Our skin regulates body temperature and helps the body get rid of excess waste.   Certain cells in our skin also communicate with the brain and allow us the feel temperature, touch, and pain sensations. Some may ask, what exactly is skin cancer and why is it such a big deal now?   Well there are two basic types of skin cancer; Nonmelanoma (which is also called basal or squamous cell) skin cancer and then there is melanoma skin cancer. Most skin cancers are classified under nonmelanoma, meaning that the cells are located at the base of the outer, layer of the skin.   Basically, the skin that covers the surface of the body, not the deep tissues.   Nonmelanoma skin cancer usually develops on sun-exposed areas of the body, places like: the face, ears, necks, lips, and the backs of hands.   Depending on the type they can be fast or slow growing but rarely spreads to other parts of the body.   There is a cure for nonmelanoma skin cancer is detected and treated early. On the other hand, you have melanoma skin cancer.   Which is the more dangerous of the two; however it is also the least common.   Melanoma skin cancer tends to spread very quickly to other body parts.   However, it is almost always curable if it is detected in the early stages.   But the killer part is a lot of people do not realize that they may have melanoma skin cancer until the later stages, after it has already started affecting other organs.   Once it has reached that stage, it is virtually incurable.   People diagnosed with melanoma skin cancer that has already spread to other body parts are given on average a five year survival rate. So what puts you at risk for skin cancer?   Some high risk factors include:  · Unprotected and/or excessive exposure to Ultraviolet(uv) radiation  · Fair complexions( people with red hair, most likely)  · Occupational exposures (i.e. Construction workers, arsenic compounders, baseball players)  · Family history of skin cancer  · Multiple or atypical moles  · Severe sunburns as a child So how can you detect skin cancer? Some signs of skin cancer in the early stages may include but are not limited:  · any change on the skin, especially in the size or color of a mole or other darkly pigmented growth or spot, or a new growth  · scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or change in the appearance of a bump or nodule  · the spread of pigmentation beyond its border such as dark coloring that spreads past the edge of a mole or mark  · a change in sensation, itchiness, tenderness, or pain in a mole

Television Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc

Television Violence Television violence is a negative message of reality to the children who see it. There is an excessive amount of violence being watched in millions of people’s homes every day, and this contributes to the growing amount of violent crimes that are being committed in our communities. This cycle of more and more sex and violence being portrayed as reality on television will not stop until something is done. Not one parent that I know wants his or her children watching people getting blown away and thrown off cliffs. But the reality of it is that parents cannot be there 24 hours a day to monitor what their children are watching. In fact the television is often used as a baby-sitter, so that the parent can do housework, have an adult conversation, or just relax after work. The types of people who are the most likely to be harmed by the surplus of violence on TV are children. Ed Donnerstein stated in the February 15, 1996 edition of the Boston Globe the following: Violence turns out to do a lot of harm when it looks harmless. One of these lessons children learn watching television is that there are few consequences to the person who commits violence – or to the victim. Add to this ‘positive’ portrayal of negative behavior the fact that children’s programs were least likely to show the bad effects of violence and most likely to make it funny" (Goodman pg. 23). We are showing children that violence is humorous and it can’t do harm. A researcher by the name of Meltzoff studied learning in infants. He concluded that babies start to learn even before birth. A study by Meltzoff demonstrated observational learning in 14-month-olds. After watching an adult on television handling "a novel toy in a particular way," the babies were able to imitate the behavior when presented with the toy 24 hours later (Wood pg.292). This study indicates that babies learn imitation very early in life. This is why parents should be more particular with what they allow their susceptible children to view on TV. The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, television show for children, is a very good example of how violence on TV can affect our children. It is one of the highest rated kids television shows today. The Power Rangers are everywhere, on everything, from lunch boxes to boxer shorts. And kids want it all. This creates a bind f... ...e. We are getting more and more information and on the effects of television violence. All of these findings have produced an increasing awareness of the basic problem and of the need for change. We know excessive viewing of television violence is harmful to the viewer. It is time we take a solid stand on the issue and tell the producers of these shows that we don’t want them. Bibliography Comstock, George. Television and the American Child. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. Elber, Lynn. "Getting to the Heart of TV Violence". Boston Globe, 20 September 1995: Page 84. Goodman, Ellen. "How to Zap Violence on TV". Boston Globe, 15 February 1996: Page 23. Hohler, Bob. "Christopher Reeve Argues Against Federal Censorship of TV, Urges Hollywood to Adopt Own Rules". Boston Globe, 24 February 1994: Page 11. Jackson, Derrick. "A G-chip, Not a V-chip". Boston Globe, 6 March 1996: Page 15. Meltz, Barbara. "Beware Rangers’ Mixed Messages, Sidebar I: How Parents Can Become Involved, Sidebar II: Share Your Holiday Strategies". Boston Globe, 1 December 1994: Page A1. Wood, Samuel. The World of Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996. Television Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc Television Violence Television violence is a negative message of reality to the children who see it. There is an excessive amount of violence being watched in millions of people’s homes every day, and this contributes to the growing amount of violent crimes that are being committed in our communities. This cycle of more and more sex and violence being portrayed as reality on television will not stop until something is done. Not one parent that I know wants his or her children watching people getting blown away and thrown off cliffs. But the reality of it is that parents cannot be there 24 hours a day to monitor what their children are watching. In fact the television is often used as a baby-sitter, so that the parent can do housework, have an adult conversation, or just relax after work. The types of people who are the most likely to be harmed by the surplus of violence on TV are children. Ed Donnerstein stated in the February 15, 1996 edition of the Boston Globe the following: Violence turns out to do a lot of harm when it looks harmless. One of these lessons children learn watching television is that there are few consequences to the person who commits violence – or to the victim. Add to this ‘positive’ portrayal of negative behavior the fact that children’s programs were least likely to show the bad effects of violence and most likely to make it funny" (Goodman pg. 23). We are showing children that violence is humorous and it can’t do harm. A researcher by the name of Meltzoff studied learning in infants. He concluded that babies start to learn even before birth. A study by Meltzoff demonstrated observational learning in 14-month-olds. After watching an adult on television handling "a novel toy in a particular way," the babies were able to imitate the behavior when presented with the toy 24 hours later (Wood pg.292). This study indicates that babies learn imitation very early in life. This is why parents should be more particular with what they allow their susceptible children to view on TV. The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, television show for children, is a very good example of how violence on TV can affect our children. It is one of the highest rated kids television shows today. The Power Rangers are everywhere, on everything, from lunch boxes to boxer shorts. And kids want it all. This creates a bind f... ...e. We are getting more and more information and on the effects of television violence. All of these findings have produced an increasing awareness of the basic problem and of the need for change. We know excessive viewing of television violence is harmful to the viewer. It is time we take a solid stand on the issue and tell the producers of these shows that we don’t want them. Bibliography Comstock, George. Television and the American Child. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. Elber, Lynn. "Getting to the Heart of TV Violence". Boston Globe, 20 September 1995: Page 84. Goodman, Ellen. "How to Zap Violence on TV". Boston Globe, 15 February 1996: Page 23. Hohler, Bob. "Christopher Reeve Argues Against Federal Censorship of TV, Urges Hollywood to Adopt Own Rules". Boston Globe, 24 February 1994: Page 11. Jackson, Derrick. "A G-chip, Not a V-chip". Boston Globe, 6 March 1996: Page 15. Meltz, Barbara. "Beware Rangers’ Mixed Messages, Sidebar I: How Parents Can Become Involved, Sidebar II: Share Your Holiday Strategies". Boston Globe, 1 December 1994: Page A1. Wood, Samuel. The World of Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996.

Benefits of Cost Allocation in an Organization

Introduction: The Need for Cost Accounting and Allocation A product or a service cannot be provided without costs going into its creation. The ability to transform a raw material into the final product, whatever the final product may manifest, is unavoidably connected with a cost. Often costs are incurred in a manner that is not even directly related to the making of the final product but to activities that are necessary for the production process.Activities such as planning and administration come under the support activities that are not directly related to the creation of a product or service but they are necessary for a organization to operate. Often a situation arises when a cost becomes attached to more than one product or department. The question as to whom to ascribe a cost to when more than one party seems responsible for the charge had been a highly problematic issue for accountants for long while. Many schools of thought have sprung up with regard to this dilemma.Some feel that costs can be assigned based on dividing space, or percentages of use. Others were of the view that there is no need to allocate costs at all. â€Å"A third group preferred no allocation at all, because regardless of the method applied, bottom-line would not change† (Doost, 1997). The introduction of Activity Based Costing further pushed cost allocation into the background (Doost, 1997). However, Activity Based Costing had a major shortcoming in that not all cost incursion are clear-cut enough to be charged to the ultimate users.The need to allocate costs in the face of multiple users remained. Cost allocation is also known as cost apportionment and cost distribution. Defining Cost Allocation Cost allocation is the process of accounting developed to deal with a situation in which assigning costs to a particular product or department is difficult. The process involves identifying and linking the costs incurred with the cost objectives. Cost allocation consists of three ma in steps: ? Defining an â€Å"object† to link costing to ?Accruing the costs linked to the object Determining a method to link the object with the accrued cost The cost object can be thought of as an activity or a process, a product or service or even a part of the organization for which a separate measure for costs is required. Definition of the object is based largely on the needs and circumstances of the organization. After costs are incurred, they undergo an appraisal and are assigned to various pools depending upon a criterion that has been determined to link costs to the object. The costs are of two types; direct and indirect (Ijiri, 1975).Direct costs are traceable to the cost object through a highly objective, uncomplicated relationship. Indirect costs are the real purpose of cost allocation and are cost incurred without any traceable source. They must be assigned according to some bridging activity that will form the link between costs and cost object. The Benefits o f Cost Allocation Most literature follows the disadvantages of cost allocation and shows why it should not be used. However, cost allocation continues being used in numerous organizations.Two authors, Horngren and Kaplan have been the exceptions in relating this aspect and Zimmerman builds on their work to show, that in spite of what research, what benefits are derived from cost allocation which makes it popular among the practitioners. Horngren and Kaplan refer to the benefits to managerial behavior. Zimmerman (1978) divides this into the agency problem and using allocation as a proxy. The agency problem arises whenever a relationship is formed between a principal and an agent, such as that between the owners of the company and its managers (Jenson and Meckling, 1976).This situation assumes that the agent will do his or her best to increase the welfare of the principal; however, in reality an agent will sometimes act in ways that reduce the welfare of the principal. This is due to the lack of optimal monitoring systems. The monitoring system can restrict such acts but not completely stop them. The portion that can not be reduced is, thus, a expenditure and is known as agency costs that a principal needs to bear. A similar situation occurs between a superior and a subordinate when costs are allocated. The subordinate has his own interests at heart, including his chances of advancement.Thus, by allocating to the subordinates the superior’s expenditures, motivation is created for subordinate to carefully monitor their superior’s spending and ensure that the superior does not spend unnecessarily or for personal gain on the company’s tab. Thus, the subordinate will monitor the spending by the superior, ensuring less shirking and adequate spending on perquisites (non monetary incentives e. g. air conditioning in the office). Thus, the superior’s welfare is dependent directly on the subordinate’s productivity, subordinate’s compensation and the agency costs related to this relationship.This agency costs include the monitoring costs, bonding costs and residual loss. Excessive consumption of prerequisites by the superior, thus, negatively affects the subordinate's future promotions. To avoid this, the subordinate would either go over the direct superior’s head or attempt to convince the direct superior to reduce spending. Thus, cost allocation itself allows a principal-agency relation to be created in the organization, and using allocated costs, a means of monitoring superiors is created.This monitoring is not so effective if done by a person higher-up than the superior (because of one-to-many relation and lack of incentives), and is one reason that costs allocation are widely used in organizations. Another assumption made is the fact that lump-sum tax can also reduce an agent’s spending on perquisites. Here, costs allocations act as a lump-sum tax as they allow costs to be allocated to dif ferent departments. Thus, if a cost is allocated among five departments, then for each department this is similar to a lump-sum tax, and this is reduce the agent’s spending on perquisites in each of the departments.However, if this tax amount is tied to profits, then theory shows that mathematically the perquisites spending may actually increase. Thus, non-controllable costs are allocated to managers to decrease their perquisite spending and should be based on lump-sum overhead allocation rather than tied to profits. The above discussion also implies that costs allocations are better used when other forms of monitoring costs are high, perhaps due to geographical locations etc. Another benefit of cost allocation is observed with regards to manufacturing overhead costs.Zimmerman (1978) shows that a shared resource inflicts costs on others, for instance, for a shared resource a user will be constantly expanding his utilization. Besides the overuse, this agent is also inflicting a delay costs on other whose work may be affected by the delay they have to endure. After a certain point though, the costs will be more than the benefit derived from the shared resource and it would be more profitable to expand resources. Costs allocation acts a proxies to this expansion costs and allows proper allocation of costs which can be monitored. Thus, the manufacturing overhead issue is as follows.For a manufacturing concern, its main costs are its direct material used, direct labor required and manufacturing overhead, which are not directly traceable to one product but are incurred in manufacturing. When a principal assigns an agent, he also passes on the responsibilities and decision making thus resulting in a decentralized organization. In such a setting, each person will choose that level of inputs which minimizes the overall costs. This will be at a point when minimum variable costs are used by decreasing inputs and using maximum fixed costs, which are indirect costs. This will firstly not operate at optimum level, and secondly this will impose costs on other departments by using more of the manufacturing overhead costs. Hence, a need for centralized decision making arises. By using centralized decision making, a level of inputs is selected which minimizes input costs. . Also, manufacturing overhead is allocated based on requirements rather, than to show minimum costs. Thus, cost allocation allows optimal distribution of indirect costs, and also incorporates other immeasurable costs like delay costs, expansion costs etc.Doost (1997) also shows how cost allocation is useful for determining actual product costs by using all relevant costs, and can be used for control purposes. He demonstrates that the budgeted amount of manufacturing overhead costs allow monitoring of overspending or under spending and is the responsibility of the specific department. Conclusion Cost accounting is a highly useful method of accounting that is very accommodating to c ontrol and coordination measures of various costs. The importance of cost allocation has not diminished over the years.Cost allocation continues to be as important today as it was in the seventies. The basic principle behind cost allocation has remained largely the same; however, new methods of forming the link between costs and cost objects are continuously being formed. It continues to finds its application in cost control and accountability. By no means a cure-all, cost accounting does, however, provide a sound foundation for increasing responsibility, control and accountability by changing the very behavior of managers and creating an environment where cost reduction can be linked to advancement.

Fishing from heaven

The frost clung to the surroundings as I made my way down the old crooked path. It was early morning and the sun was attempting to wedge its way through the clouds: it remained ice cold. There was little life to be seen – most animals were hidden away from the dangers and cruelty of winter. They had collected their food and were snuggled away ready to sleep the months through. At that moment I wished I could join them. Why couldn’t I run away and hide until I was ready to face life again? As I trod over the cold granite with the fellow mourners I could see nothing of happiness. Everything hung in dismay as if even nature knew this was a wretched and lonely place. I imagined the gloomy individuals walking this route over the decades. It was a path that had to be travelled but very few were ready or willing to face its destination. Instead we all hoped something would suddenly change and that our fate would be reversed. The daunting doors appeared ahead and I made my way inside along with the others – all of us coated in black. I shivered, no longer because of the temperature but rather fear, as I made my way inside the thick stone walls. The mighty roof towered over me shadowy and oppressive. I found my pew and sat down alone to wait. The tranquilising smell of burning incense combined with my tired state almost lulled me to unconsciousness but a stern voice suddenly called for the beginning of the service and I turned to face the altar. It was covered in a white cloth which hung loosely over the sides clearly too big. A cross made up the centrepiece and a candle stood on either side. I’d never been to a church before but I knew granddad had. I imagined him looking at this cross and, like me, wondering why life had to happen the way it did. The music sounded and they began to enter – the robed man and the six friends of my grandfather. I only knew one of them. They had gone to school together and granddad would always tell stories of their misbehaving – tricking the teacher and missing classes. I saw his friend dim with dread no longer a schoolboy with a future of brightness ahead. His head hung low as he made his way down the aisle. The lid of the coffin was lifted and his face tightened as he saw his friend for the last time. Granddad’s face was withered and frail, his lips rose pink and dry. They had dressed him in his favourite suit especially for the occasion. His body lay stiff, fragile and delicate – but strangely imposing. This was not how I remembered him. Vulnerability and helplessness had overcome him. His intelligent being was hidden – deposed by death. * * * It was a spring morning and the lake glistened in the sun. Not a ripple disturbed the perfect reflections. The smell of freshly painted wood hung in the air as the boat entered the water. Its green body caused it to appear like a lily-pad against the still expanse. I was trembling with excitement: I had never been on a boat before. We lived in the town where buildings filled the landscape. It was only when I came here on holiday that I got to see the amazing aspects of nature so forgotten in cities where cars and buses have taken over. First grandfather gave me a rod. He smiled as I looked at this alien object with uncertain eyes. He loaded the reel, explained how to make a blot knot, stuck on the tiny squirming pinkie and cast into the distance. He stressed the importance of doing this properly so as to avoid whipping your neighbour or startling the surrounding fish. Looking at granddad I stared intently at the thick folds throughout his face, his hunched over body and the shadows b eneath his eyes. As he cautiously scanned the horizon he noticed my attention had wavered and stared right into my soul seemingly extracting my thoughts. â€Å"Ethan, old age is nothing to fear but something to grasp with open arms and imagine the life past and still to come. You must remember that. This moment will pass but the memory remains forever and that’s what we hold on to even when death arrives.† I turned away not sure what he meant and focused back on my fishing. My line went taut and I was pulled back to the present. The fish wriggled desperately trying to free itself from the cruel spike threatening its life. It was helpless against my strong grasp. My determination to impress granddad and the weak power of the fish enabled me to reel the rod all the way in. I had caught a fish – a trout! It was avocado green speckled pink. I knew little of the types of fish but granddad told me it was a Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout native to this area. He smiled proud of what I had gained. * * * I wept bitter with regret as the pastor began to talk of grandfather’s life in such a dispassionate way. He knew nothing of the love I felt for him, of the kindness grandfather showed or of the suffering he endured in his last years. I wished I could have stood up and conjured up something which may have done him justice rather than this monatomic drone of weddings, birthdays and jobs. This was not all that my grandfather was. He was more than this. The room silenced as the pastor took to his seat. The roof of the coffin was replaced and the congregation bowed their heads remembering the man in their own way. I saw, not the cold lifeless face that had been laid before me this morning but the bright and warm-hearted glow from that fishing day. I saw him in his heaven with doves fluttering above a crystal ocean full of the most beautiful creatures.